The Theory Of Social Interactions - 1341 Words

preservation of social interactions. Beyond identifying the significance of the need to form and maintain relationships, research must also assess why people seek connection. In the attempt to do so, theorists developed the Belongingness Orientation Model, which identifies growth orientation and deficit-reduction as two qualitatively different ways people are motivated to seek interpersonal relationships (Lavigne, Vallerand, Crevier-Braud 2011). Within this paradigm, the growth orientation model characterizes interpersonal relationships as important because people have a genuine interest in others and see relationships as enriching. In contrast, the deficit-reduction model characterizes interpersonal relationships as important because they fill a social void, specifically, that individuals search for closeness and security through social acceptance. Lavigne et al. (2011) found that when participants were asked to rate how each illustration of an attachment style mirrors their behavior in relationships, people with a di smissing-avoidant style had a negative relationship with the deficit reduction model and no relationship to the growth orientation model. With this finding, the researchers concluded that a dismissing-interpersonal disposition leads people to be overall disconnected from others. The disconnection from people suggests that dismissive individuals are so guarded against expressing a need to belong to others that they overcompensate by forcing the perception ofShow MoreRelatedSocial Identity Theory And Social Interaction Theory Essay1907 Words   |  8 PagesSocial Identity Theory In 1979, Tajfel and Turner are recognized for the development of social identity theory (SIT) (Tajfel Turner, 1979). 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According to Crick and Dodge’s model, children are constantly drawing on their biologically determined capabilities, their database (the central location of our memories and schemas) and social cues. Crick and Dodge provide a detailed outline how a child’s mental processing during a social interaction in five steps:Read MoreEssay on Lev Vygotsky and Social Development Theory1038 Words   |  5 Pagescreated the Social Development Theory/ Sociocultural Theory. Vygotsky believed that childrens mental, language, and social development is supported and enhanced through social interaction. Vygotsky also believed that beginning at birth, children seek out adu lts for social interactions and that development occurs through these interactions. The belief that social development sets a precedent for development(appeals to the nurture side of development). The general idea from this theory is that beingRead MoreSociological Theories And The Structural Functional Theory1356 Words   |  6 PagesSociological Theories: Compare and Contrast The Structural-Functional theory definition: Two theorist who were major contributors to the structural functional theory where Herbert Spencer and Robert Merton. Also known as functionalism, it is a framework for building theory that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability and solidarity. Important concepts in the perspective of functionalism include social structure, social functions, latent functions and manifestRead MoreSymbolic Interaction: My Favorite Sociological Theory1235 Words   |  5 PagesMy Favorite Sociological Theory Authors name Authors institutional affiliation Authors note My Favorite Sociological Theory There were several theories that I found interesting as a part of the course, yet the theory that I connected with most personally was Symbolic Interaction. This theory was established first by George Herbert Mead, who coined the phrase symbolic interactionism first. The theory has been present in the field of sociology for several decades, and after the death of Mead

Why christains believe god is present in our lives. Free Essays

Catholics believe that God Is present In our lives through rituals. Catholics believe that doing the sign of the cross is a significant way to start a conversation with God by putting yourself In the presence of God. Also by attending mass It Is declaring that they belong to God and want to obey him and when Catholics go to receive transubstantiation Catholics are accepting the suffering that Christ has done for us. We will write a custom essay sample on Why christains believe god is present in our lives. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Catholics also believe that God is present in our lives through ethics. Catholic ethics come from the 10 commandments, it is important that we know the everlasting laws f God and what they mean such as â€Å"thou shall not steal† means that we shouldn’t steal because it is disrespectful and we should respect others property as we wool like done to us. Another moral is â€Å"thou shall not harm† because humans are a creation of God and if we harm others or ourselves we are destroying Gods creation and â€Å"thou shall not bear false witness† means to not lie about one self of anyone else. All of these ethics come under respect one self and one another. Why Catholics think It Is Important Is that acting morally with the Infinite laws of God, which are so Inspiring to most people that even those who do not know anything of God follow In the path of morality. Catholic believe strongly that God Is present in our lives though practice of individual experience such as baptism. Baptism is significant to the catholic community and faith because to that person getting baptized it represents the start of that person and God’s relationship. This individual experience is very similar to conformation, it is similar because conformation In the Catholic Church represents growing up and creating a stronger bond between the person and God. Another individual experience is reconciliation in the Catholic Church, reconciliation is significant in the Catholic Church because â€Å"only God can forgive and cleanse sins away and allowing God to guide that individual through very tough times with making that bond with god and that individual stronger. Catholics believe that God Is present In our lives through rituals. Catholics believe that doing the sign of the cross Is a gallants way to start a conversation with God by putting yourself In the presence of God. Also by attending mass It Is declaring that they belong to God and want to obey him and when Catholics go to receive transubstantiation Catholics are accepting the suffering that Christ has done for us. Catholics also believe that God is present in our lives through ethics. Catholic ethics come from the 10 commandments, it is important that we know the everlasting laws of God and what they mean such as â€Å"thou shall not steal† means that we shouldn’t steal because it is disrespectful and we should respect others property as we wool like done to us. Another moral is â€Å"thou hall not harm† because humans are a creation of God and if we harm others or ourselves we are destroying Gods creation and â€Å"thou shall not bear false witness† means to not Ill about one self of anyone else. All of these ethics come under respect one self and one another. Why Catholics think It Is Important Is that acting morally with the Infinite laws of God, which are so Inspiring to most people that even those who do not know anything of God follow in the path of morality. Catholic believe such as baptism. Baptism is significant to the catholic community and faith because o that person getting baptized it represents the start of that person and God’s relationship. This individual experience is very similar to conformation, it is similar because conformation in the Catholic Church represents growing up and creating a stronger bond between the person and God. Another individual experience is reconciliation in the Catholic Church, reconciliation is significant in the Catholic Church because â€Å"only God can forgive and cleanse sins away’ and allowing God to guide that individual through very tough times with making that bond with god and that individual stronger. How to cite Why christains believe god is present in our lives., Papers

Critical Analysis Of Strategic Organizational Human Resource Managemen

Question: What are the key strengths and limitations of the two HR systems in the context of the workplace? How do the two HR management systems relate to the accomplishment of strategic goals? What assumptions are you basing these views on? Compare how the two HR management systems effectively contribute to the management of human capital to achieve the strategic goals of the organisation. How did the discussion in the forum contribute to your analysis? How can you use the information in your posts and the posts of others as evidence? Answer: Introduction Strategic human resources management is a process that makes human resource strategies that are integrated with the firms business goals and contribute to the overall strategy of the organization. It is defined as the means of aligning the management of human resources with the strategic content of the business (Walker, J.W., 1992). The integration can be vertical or horizontal. Vertical integration provides congruence between HR strategy and the business with the former supporting the accomplishment of the latter. And the horizontal integration works to make sure that the various human resource strategy elements fit together and support each other mutually (Armstrong, M., 1999). Though strategic human resource management system is an evolving system today, there are several issues pertaining to its practice. Critical Analysis of strategic HRM Strategic human resource management basically is about the strategic role of human resources management in meeting the organizational objectives. Human Resources is firmly linked with the performance and effectiveness of a business. But the mechanisms through which the human resource practices influence organizational effectiveness were always questioned upon by critics. A lot of researches have been conducted upon the explaining the importance of human resource management in the performance of a business. The studies have mostly adopted a resource based view of the firm (Delery, J., 1998) which emphasizes that the firms competitive advantage is increased by the kind of resources it possesses. And this in turn emphasizes that human resources management definitely adds value to an organization since the human resource management practices are the main factors that a firm employs to produce or retain the necessary work force. The predominant focus of research on strategic human resourc e management is mostly on the horizontal and vertical fits. Horizontal fit in strategic human resource management emphasizes the internal consistency of the HR practices with the basic assumption that for any particular policy to have maximum effect it is important that the other policies in effect are functioning as good. The complication in this theory is the absence of description about which internally consistent practices make up a system. There is no solid theoretical framework for choosing the HR practices. It was argued that there are several combinations of practices that will result in the same organizational outcomes (Delery, J., and Doty, D., 1996). For example, a firm needs to identify the human resource practices that would develop work force with high performance if they are to have advantage over their competitors. But any HR practice leads to multiple outcomes and multiple HR practices can be used to achieve the same outcome. This is a critical issue in strategic human resource management. In fact recent models of competency have provided researchers with a framework that helps creation of horizontal fit. In these models, a set of behavioural competencies are defined that are relevant to the business based on which human resource practices can be employed to ensure development of those behaviours in individuals. But in actual, a solution is yet to be reached in the issue of horizontal or internal fit. How it is developed and measured is an avenue that offers ample opportunities for future researchers to address. An important discussion in strategic HRM is a synergistic relationship between the different HR practices. There are two basic forms of this synergistic relationship. The first describes how multiple practices can work together and promote each others effectiveness and that in turn enhances the organizations effectiveness resulting in a positive outcome. This is termed a powerful connection by Becker et al. Another combination termed deadly connection is when the practices work against each other and the outcome is negative. It is therefore important in strategic human resource management to identify and measure HRM practices and systems while acknowledging these relationships among the practices (Becker, B., and Gerhart, B., 1996). Another important issue in strategic HRM is the level of analysis. It is based on what level the human resource practices in a firm are measured. According to a framework proposed, it is important that the work force core for strategic goals be governed by a high performance work system. While this practice will gain the organization higher scores on their core work force, the issue with this approach is that the non-core work force may also have equal importance or greater weight. Therefore, while measuring the HR practices, closer attention must be paid to the level at which they are measured. Averaging the use of practices may denote that all the employees be it core or non-core groups are equally important. Organizations must use different human resource practices for different employee levels and groups. This suggests that for a particular job a particular HRM system is required. Focussing on human resource practices at different job levels in an organization would thus provide insight into how advantage over competition can be achieved using work force. As discussed already there is no agreement about what practices constitute a coherent HRM system. It is also equally important to concentrate on the human resource policies along with the practices; the issue of construct definition. Development of theory would solve this problem. Strategic HR management has always been criticized for lack of theoretical foundation. But researches have proved that there are three different theoretical frameworks in the Strategic HRM; Universal, Contingency and Configuration theories (Delery, J., and Doty, D., 1996). The Universalistic theory demonstrates that some human resource practices are universally effective. Adoption of these practices by an organization will result in increased benefits. According to the Contingency theory, the effectiveness of human resource practices is contingent with the organizational strategy. Organizations must adopt HR strategies that are appropriate for its strategy to have higher effectiveness. And the configuration theory deals with the synergistic relationships between the practices. Other research employs six theoretical models for discussing strategic human resource management; Behavioural perspective, cybernetic models, transaction/agency cost theory, institutional theory, resource-based view of the organization, and power/resource dependence models. These theories are useful for understanding strategic as well as non-strategic determinants of human resource practices (Wright, P., and McMahan, G.C., 1992). The behavioural perspective is concerned with how strategy, human resource behaviours and practices are interrelated. Cybernetic models and transaction cost models is concerned with the relationship amongst the HR practices, firm strategy and the HR capital pool and behaviours. The institutional theory and resource dependence theory concerns the effects of institutional and political factors on the human resource practices. These theoretical frameworks are not without their limitations. But according to the critical analysis of strategic human resource management, most of the issues concerning the SHRM can be solved by developing a strong theoretical basis of management. Qualitative and quantitative comparison of two firms in the same industry and different performance levels could be constructed to aid in the construction of specific and general practices. It also helps in generalizing the process within a firm that drafts the principles and the process of successfully translating these principles in HR policies that are efficient. This line of research in strategic human resource management could help improve the way organizations are studied and managed (Colbert, B., 2004). Using data from forty five business units and correlated human resource practices from the past, present and future operational practices, it was found that correlations with all operational measures were high and invariant. Further it was found that controlling the past and present performance almost eliminated the connection of human resource practices with that of the future. This provided strategic human resource management researchers cautionary evidence on making casual inferences on the relationship between HR practices and the performance of the organization (Wright, P., Snell, S., and Dyer, L., 2005). Organization performance depends upon the how HR systems are measured. Performance in organization varies based on how near it is to the intended effect of human resources practices and what level it is aggregated. Analysis of strategic human resource management in emerging economies countries demonstrate that it is more likely that privately owned businesses will adopt this process than the public organizations. More focus is being paid on the implementation issues of strategic HR management in recent times. The business firms are recognizing that the intended and realized practices are different from one another and relying upon a set of stated principles will result in ineffective results. Also more attention is being focussed on strategic human resource managements role in mergers and acquisitions. Understanding the human capital investment decision making process, understanding the difference between investments in core and non-core work force, and a better understanding of the diversity of work personnel and their effects on organizations performance are contributing in understanding the strategic human resource management. The challenge is to fill the gap between knowledge that has been identified and break new ground (Lengnick-Hall, M., Lengnick-Hall, C., Andrade, L., and Drake, B., 2009). Two HR systems The human resource management system can be most notably classified in two; traditional, operational and functional aspects comprising the micro or functional system and the strategic system. Complying with business strategy, dealing with mergers and acquisitions, downsizing, international human resource management formed the core of strategic HRM and selection, training, appraisal and compensation constituted the functional HRM (Fisher, 1989). Strengths and limitations of the two HR systems Strength of a Human Resource management lies in the effectiveness of HR policies in practice. The practices that are not efficiently working need to be regularly monitored and modified. The competitive advantage that an organization provides its employees in comparison to the opposition is an important factor that determines the strength of the Human Resource system. Skills and qualifications of the work force and placing right people at the right jobs contribute to a HRMs strengths. In case of strategic HRM, one serious limitation is that the strategic fit is a very good idea but is very difficult in practice. Business strategy being translated into mutually supportive set of human resource practices doesnt happen most of the times (Armstrong, M., 2006). Role of HRM in accomplishing strategic goals Human resources can offer competitive advantage and can be managed strategically. HRM practices differ between different organizations and countries. And researches show that the companies that employed the HR practices of other successful companies failed miserably emphasizing the need for each organization to develop their own HR practices and policies. These HRM practices indirectly affect operational performance through strategic goals. In accomplishing strategic goals of the organization, a human resource manager needs to develop an environment for the employees that is conducive and fosters employees loyalty to the firm (Ahmad, S. and Schroeder, R., 2003). Globalization, de-regulation of markets, varying demands by the customers and investors and constant increase in market competition are becoming the norms for most organizations with the rapidly changing economic environment. The role of HR management can be crucial in improving performance in such an environment. Therefore, the human resources department and function must have as their primary focus a set of properly designed policies that support the organizations strategic and operational goals. But simply instituting the best in class HR systems will not have the desired effect. A properly configures HR system will achieve the desired objective. The leadership of this strategic human resources systems role in organization also reflects in the competition for intellectual leadership in the area (Becker, B., and Gerhart, B., 1996). Strategic human resource practices contribute to the strengthening of competitive advantage of a firm by enabling knowledge development as HR practices develop individual knowledge and skills along with developing the work forces attitudes and behaviours. This along collective changes in human capital and organization environment is strong enough to influence organizational performance and in turn attaining the goals (Birdi, K., Clegg, C., Patterson, M., Robinson, A., Stride, C., Wall, T. and Wood, S., 2008). Functional human resource practices such as recruiting the right person for the right job; empowerment and training enhance employees knowledge of the company and help them exploit it. Also these three human resource practices interact positively with each other resulting in positive outcomes. The adoption of advance manufacturing technology, quality management, supply chain partnering etc. will independently enhance performance of the firm. Management of human capital by the two HRM systems The foundation of a human resource department relies on human capital as the basic source of competitive advantage. The system is characterized by operational excellence and understanding by the HR managers the implications of human capital on the business and their ability to modify the system based on the requirements. The human resource management system that strives to improve an organizations strategic infrastructure is an investment. According to the CFO of Coca Cola, a companys phenomenal market value is largely attributable to its brands and management systems rather than any collection of tangible assets. The strategic importance of human capital has increased significantly owing to the rapid globalization, and the demands for constant innovation in products, the ability of the firm to adapt to the changing trends and its speed and efficiency. The three important elements of value added HR functions include: A management culture and strategy that is supportive and appropriately aligned, human resources system characterized by professional and operational quality, and human resources executives and managers who are effective and human resources function that support the managers. It is proven that with the proper alignment of each of these things, businesses average twenty seven percentage higher gains. And to achieve this building an extraordinary environment at the work place is important. The environment must be characterized by ensuring the employees feel valued, achieving long term business success, ensuring employees feeling of pride in being associated with the firm, emphasizing a sense of camaraderie and team work, enabling opportunities for the employees to reach their personal and professional high points, making the environment fun and exciting. A strong pay performance relationship is also an important characteristic. It elicits a signal that right behaviours and higher performance will reflect on the employees pay check. Some examples of firms operational excellence by proper human capital management by HRMs are: Lucent Monitors report ninety nine percent data entry accuracy in their HRIS (Becker, B. and Huselid, M., 1999). Ninety percent of the customers using their employee services centre have their problems tackled on the first call; Sears indicates significant proficiency at handling higher volume demands efficiently; at Herman Miller, desire to combine HR with the organizations business strategy has resulted in the adopting of worldwide shared services environment by them. Defining of the competencies required is the first step in identifying proper human capital suitable for a particular role. These competencies are then integrated in recruiting and staffing, career development of the staffs and management of their performance. Adaptation of some of the best practices that lead to exceptional performance by organizations include: employment security, good pay, reduced status distinctions, decentralized decision making, selective hiring, extensive information sharing, and extensive training. And the ability to translate HR practices into high performance practices requires several roles by HR managers including: role as an administrative expert, employee champion, and strategic partner. Conclusion Strong human resource management systems can create environments with little ambiguity regarding strategic goals of the organization. Characteristics such as visibility of the HR processes, clarity of the information in the policies, acceptability of the practices, and consistency of the management in applying the policies to employees uniformly, effectiveness of the policies, internal consistency (horizontal fit) and intensity are the basics governing the strength of a human resource management. Organizations that attempt to copy HR policies and practices from successful organizations find those practices from the other firms did not give them the same advantageous results. Employee perception about the human resource practices plays a crucial role between human resource practices and strategic goals. Therefore it is important to manage human resource management practices that do not result in varied perceptions of the employees. The proper description of human resource management c an thus help with a better understanding of the field of strategic human resource development and help formulate the human resource management policies that can impact positively on the performance of an organization. References Marler, J. (2012). Strategic Human Resource Management in Context: A Historical and Global Perspective.Academy of Management Perspectives, 26(2), pp.6-11. Wei, L. (2006). Strategic Human Resource Management: Determinants of Fit,Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 14(2), pp. 49-60. Colbert, B. (2004). The Complex Resource-Based View: Implications for Theory and Practice in Strategic Human Resource Management.The Academy of Management Review, 29(3), p.341. Wright, P. (1992). Theoretical Perspectives for Strategic Human Resource Management.Journal of Management, 18(2), pp.295-320. Boxall, P. and Purcell, J. (2003).Strategy and human resource management. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Armstrong, M. (1999).A handbook of human resource management practice. London: Kogan Page. Delery, J. (1998). Issues of fit in strategic human resource management: Implications for research.Human Resource Management Review, 8(3), pp.289-309. Delery, J. and Doty, D. (1996). Modes of Theorizing In Strategic Human Resource Management: Tests of Universalistic, Contingency, and Configurational Performance Predictions.Academy of Management Journal, 39(4), pp.802-835. Devanna, M., Fombrun, C. and Tichy, N. (1981). Human resources management: A strategic perspective.Organizational Dynamics, 9(3), pp.51-67. Lengnick-hall, C. and Lengnick-hall, M. (1988). Strategic Human Resources Management: A Review of the Literature and a Proposed Typology.Academy of Management Review, 13(3), pp.454-470. Becker, B. and Gerhart, B. (1996). The Impact of Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance: Progress and Prospects. Academy of Management Journal 39, pp. 779-801. Wright, P., and McMahan, G.C., (1992). Theoretical Perspectives for Strategic Human Resource Management.Journal of Management, 18(2), pp.295-320. Becker, B. and Huselid, M. (1999). Overview: Strategic human resource management in five leading firms.Human Resource Management, 38(4), pp.287-301. Wright, P., and Boswell, W.R., (2002). Desegregating HRM: A Review and Synthesis of Micro and Macro Human Resource Management Research.Journal of Management, 28(3), pp.247-276. Armstrong, M. (2006). Strategic Human Resource Management. London: Kogan Page. Wright, P., Snell, S., and Dyer, L. (2005). New models of strategic HRM in a global context. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(6), 875881. Lengnick-Hall, M., Lengnick-Hall, C., Andrade, L. and Drake, B. (2009). Strategic human resource management: The evolution of the field.Human Resource Management Review, 19(2), pp.64-85. Ahmad, S. and Schroeder, R. (2003). The impact of human resource management practices on operational performance: recognizing country and industry differences.Journal of Operations Management, 21(1), pp.19-43. Birdi, K., Clegg, C., Patterson, M., Robinson, A., Stride, C., Wall, T. And Wood, S. (2008). The Impact of Human Resource and Operational Management Practices on Company Productivity: A Longitudinal Study.Personnel Psychology, 61(3), Pp.467-501. Collings, D. and Mellahi, K. (2009). Strategic talent management: A review and research agenda.Human Resource Management Review, 19(4), pp.304-313.